路噪声成为新的环境污染

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路噪声成为新的环境污染

　　道路噪声正在成为越来越严重的环境问题。最近的估计表明，30%的欧盟国家的居民生活在高于世界卫生组织（WHO）允许的正常的噪声级别的环境之中，有大约10%的睡眠受到夜间交通噪声的干扰。虽然过去30年中对交通噪声的限制更严格了，但是，交通噪声的总水平却没有显著地降低。这一方面是因为交通量的增长，另一方面则是由于一些道路噪声试验采用的车辆和轮胎的类型不能反映道路的实际情况。

　　欧盟国家在这方面的研究工作正在取得进展。研究中探讨了进一步降低车辆轮胎噪声限制值的可能性，以及改进道路噪声试验使其更能反映道路实际情况。当然，这不是短期就能完全解决的问题。

　　从噪声声源方面来讲，目前已经采用的降低道路噪声的一种方法是采用低噪声路面。这种路面降低了轮胎/路面间产生的噪声，对于高速道路这是主要的噪声声源。并且，对于一些类型的路面，从车辆轮胎产生的噪声和车辆发动机产生的噪声都会随着噪声沿路面的传播而受到衰减和降低。

　　随着公路管理部门将采用低噪声路面作为解决、降低道路噪声问题的一种手段，低噪声路面在欧洲应用得越来越普遍。对于一些类型的道路路面，由于低噪声路面与传统的道路路面相比，其铺设成本并没有很大的差别，现在低噪声路面已常常在道路工程中采用，而不只是在特别强调噪声问题的路段上采用。

　　根据欧盟有关环境噪声评价与控制的规则，要求制订主要道路和大型公共场合噪声控制“行动计划”。无论是作为降低道路噪声的单一性的方法还是结合其它缓解措施用来降低道路噪声，在实现未来“行动计划”中噪声控制目标的过程中，低噪声路面重要性都将会进一步提高。

　　为了从采用低噪声路面方面获得最大的收益，重要的是弄清楚低噪声路面对于轮胎/路面噪声的产生和衰减过程的影响，以及新铺设时及使用一段时间后路面的性能如何，有怎样的不同。而要弄清楚上述这些影响与差别，关键的问题是要有正确的方法??正确的噪声测量方法和仪器。本文主要介绍这些噪声测量方法中的一种??比邻法（CPX），以及运输研究实验室为应用该方法而研究开发的专门的设备。

　　统计通过噪声法和比邻法

　　通常，道路路面噪声采用国际标准化组织（ISO）评价路面对交通噪声影响的“统计通过噪声法（SPB方法??ISO 11819-1）”进行测量。该方法通过对以不同行驶速度行驶的大量的不同种类的过往车辆产生的噪声进行统计，测算出路侧最大噪声。对每一种车辆确定了一条噪声回归线（反映最大噪声与车速对数的比值），从而可以确定在车辆以参照车速行驶情况下道路的噪声水平。然而，这种方法有着公认的局限性：采用该方法对道路现场的情况与交通状况有严格的限制，它只强调、着眼于局部的孤立的路段情况，其测算结果还受到气象条件及车辆的代表性方面的影响。    

　　测量道路车辆噪声的另一种方法??“比邻法（CPX）”则具有其它一些优势。这种方法在邻近轮胎/路面接触处测量车辆行驶噪声，并且通常采用安装了专门的试验轮和专门试验轮胎的挂车及车辆进行。欧盟成员国中的道路噪声研究试验中采用了许多这样的挂车及车辆。最近，国际标准化组织正在对有关这种方法的草案进行研究，并且有可能将其分为两个部分：其一详细规定有关的测量方法；其二则详细列出推荐采用的试验轮胎。与统计通过噪声法相比，比邻法具有若干优越性：它对道路现场情况的要求较低；可以在相对短的时间内对较长路段的噪声情况做出分析、测算和评估；此外，它还不需要专门的测量仪器。

　　运输研究实验室（ÞRL）采用比邻法测量道路噪声用的车辆

　　ÞRIÞON是英国运输研究实验室采用比邻法测量道路噪声用的车辆，这是目前英国仅有的用于比邻法测量道路噪声的车辆。这种车辆采用卡车底盘，加装专门的半消声（隔声）的操作室，室内安装有专门的试验轮和一系列的扩音器。

　　试验轮在左边的一个轮架上转动，这与目前在欧洲许多地方试验中的形式不同??在欧洲许多地方的试验中，试验轮在中间的轮架上转动。这样，试验轮可以装置在车体较宽的车上，采用轻型车的轮胎，并可以经受各种荷载条件。

　　试验车辆设计为可以以公用道路上允许的最高车速行驶。

　　采用ÞRIÞON试验车和比邻法测量的优势

　　正如上面所指出的，统计通过噪声法只测量短距离（大约20米）的孤立的路段情况，而采用ÞRIÞON试验车可以连续地测量试验车驶过的全段道路的噪声数据。它既不受道路现场条件的限制，也不仅限于对单一车道噪声数据的测量，并且，在正常情况下，也不要求对正常交通进行任何特别的交通管理，而这样的交通管理往往会对行车人造成干扰。噪声的测量都在正常车流以正常车速行驶的情况下进行。

　　ÞRIÞON试验车和比邻法的应用

　　为了获得噪声最低的路面，重要的是能够在其新铺设的时候和使用一段时间之后都能对其进行性能评价，并且，如果可能的话，能对其同质性进行评价。其同质性数据可以用于确定并确保这种路面适合于在所选择的路段和当地的条件下使用。

　　在英国，按照目前公路部门路面材料与设备使用批准办法，已包括要具有道路减噪试验证书和材料与设备采购的说明。对于一些特定的道路，证书上以“路面影响值”表示的数据是由统计通过噪声法测量值推导出来的，而不是由比邻法测量值推导出来的。然而，当一段路面业已铺设好或是处于观测之中，此时，该办法不包括任何关于该产品“符合性”方面的评价。

　　最近，在欧盟资助下的有关低噪声高耐久性路面研究项目（英国运输研究实验室在其中扮演了重要的角色）的工作包括提出道路路面噪声分级的体系和方案，该方案将着眼于路面噪声标识参数、路面材料与设备符合性的评价，以及日常的观测与监测。尽管基础性的噪声标识数据仍然是根据统计通过噪声法（SPB）得出的，但比邻法噪声测量（CPX）也被看作为实施这项研究的基础性工具之一。根据欧盟委员会环境部长做出的分析，建议进一步制订有关噪声分级的欧洲标准化委员会（CEN）标准，欧盟委员会已提出继续进行该项目的研究。

　　有关低噪声高耐久性路面研究项目提出的方案与公路部门路面材料与设备使用批准办法相兼容，将进行有限的路面噪声评价，作为运输研究实验室为英国运输部公路管理局进行的研究项目的组成部分。该方案也将在荷兰道路交通噪声减噪计划内进行试验，初版的道路路面噪声分级体系和方案将在丹麦进行试用。

　　ÞRIÞON试验车可以用于对某些路段的道路噪声进行快速评价，以确定：路面材料的同质性和符合性，并据此制订路面养护计划。路面噪声方面的评价结果还将用于制订路面材料合同中提出的技术规格。

　　此外，ÞRIÞON试验车可以用于对路面进行日常监控，累积和记录道路使用期内有关路面噪声的数据。路面噪声方面的评价结果还将供道路部门制订路面养护策略和确定路面更新周期，以及供当地机构对道路路面在实施噪声控制“行动计划”方面的有效性进行评价。

　　另一方面，由于ÞRIÞON试验车能够设置各种尺寸的试验轮胎，对于研究开发新型低噪声路面和低噪声轮胎，这将是十分理想的试验工具和试验手段。

　　近期和以往一段时间运输研究实验室采用ÞRIÞON试验车进行的有关路面噪声的研究项目有：

　　一项在莱斯特郡进行的有关不同路面上轮胎/道路噪声情况的调查，调查、分析了该郡内铺设的各种路面的噪声情况；

　　为运输部公路管理局进行的一项测量，用以确定政府10年道路养护计划中需要优先进行更新的混凝土路面；

　　为运输部和运输部公路管理局进行的一项有关中/高速道路上轮胎/道路噪声情况的研究。这项研究中分析了车辆轮胎/路面设计之间的关系，以及轮胎设计对轮胎/路面噪声的影响；

　　研究、确定了根据道路断面结构数据预测道路噪声的算法，从而扩大运输部道路车速状况调查车进行各项调查的功能。

　　结论

　　低噪声路面的应用强调了道路交通噪声的问题，特别是在轮胎/路面噪声问题越来越普遍受到关注的情况下，道路交通噪声问题的研究尤为必要。重要的是有准确的噪声测量方法，以帮助弄清楚这些路面在产生噪声方面的性状。与其它传统的测量方法相比，测量道路噪声的比邻法（CPX）有着多方面的优越性。英国运输研究实验室专门设计建造的ÞRIÞON试验车，是一种采用比邻法（CPX）测量轮胎/道路噪声的试验车，它广泛应用于低噪声路面设计和轮胎设计，在测试、评价轮胎/道路噪声方面是非常适用、有效的。
Road, become the new noise pollution

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Road, become the new noise pollution

Road noise is becoming an increasingly serious environmental problems. Recent estimates indicate that 30% of the population living in EU countries is higher than the World Health Organization （WHO） to allow the normal noise level of environment, there are about 10% of sleep by night-time traffic noise interference. While in the past 30 years the restrictions on traffic noise is more strict, but the overall level of traffic noise was not significantly reduced. This is because the growth in traffic, and partly because of some road noise experiment with the types of vehicles and tires do not reflect the actual situation of the road.

European Union countries in this area of research is in progress. Study explored to further reduce tire noise, limit the possibilities, as well as improve road noise road test to better reflect the actual situation. Of course, this is not a short-term will be able to completely solve the problem.

From the noise source side, is already used in a way to reduce road noise is a low-noise road surface. This road reduces the tire / road noise generated between, for high-speed roads it is the main noise source. And, for some types of road noise generated from the vehicle tire and vehicle engine noise as the noise generated will be spread along the surface and lower attenuation.

With the highway management department will use the low-noise road surface as a solution to reduce road noise issues as a means of application of low-noise road surface was becoming increasingly common in Europe. For some types of road surface, due to low-noise road surface with the traditional road surface compared to the laying of cost and there is no great difference, and now low-noise road surface has been frequently used in road works, not just in the special emphasis on noise problems sections are used.

According to the EU environmental noise assessment and control rules, called for major roads and major public places, noise control, "Plan of Action." Either as to reduce road noise of the unitary approach, or in combination with other mitigation measures are used to reduce road noise, in the realization of the Future "action plan" in the noise control objectives in the process of the importance of both low-noise road surface will be further improved.

From the introduction of low-noise road surface in order to achieve maximum benefits, it is important to clarify low-noise road surface for the tire / road noise generation and decay of the effects of the new and used during the laying period of time on how the performance of the road, there is what different. But to get a clear difference between these impacts and the key issue is to have the right approach?? The correct noise measurement methods and instruments. This paper describes these methods in a noise measurement?? Neighbor method （CPX）, as well as the Transport Research Laboratory methods for the application of the research and development of specialized equipment.

Statistical pass-by noise method and the neighboring France

Typically, road surface noise, International Organization for Standardization （ISO） evaluation of the impact of road traffic noise in the face of "Statistical pass-by noise France （SPB method?? ISO 11819-1）" measured. This method is different speed by moving a large number of different types of noise generated by passing vehicles statistics, measurement way out side of the maximum noise. For each vehicle to determine a noise, the regression line （reflecting the maximum noise and the speed ratio of the number of pairs）, which can determine the speed of the vehicle in order to refer to cases of road traffic noise level. However, this method has recognized limitations: this method of road conditions and traffic situation at the scene, there are strict limits, which only emphasized, focusing on isolated sections of local circumstances, the measurement results also subject to weather conditions and vehicles representation effects.

Measurement of road vehicle noise another way?? "Neighbor method （CPX）" can serve a number of other advantages. This approach in the neighboring tire / road contact noise, measured at vehicles, and the commonly used test installation of a special wheel and specialized tests of the trailer tires and vehicles. EU member states in the road noise of experimental research using many of these trailers and vehicles. Recently, the International Organization for Standardization is right about this approach to study the draft and may be divided into two parts: first, detailed provisions relating to the measurement methods; second, details of recommended test tires. Compared with the statistics of noise, neighbor method has several advantages: it has a lower requirement of road situation on the ground; can be in a relatively short period of time on the longer sections of noise to make the situation analysis, measurement and evaluation; In addition, it does not require special measuring instruments.

Transport Research Laboratory （ÞRL） with adjacent road noise measurement of vehicle used

ÞRIÞON the UK Transport Research Laboratory measurement of using side by vehicles used in road noise, which is now only used in the United Kingdom is close to road noise measurement of a vehicle. This vehicle uses a truck chassis, installation of a dedicated semi-anechoic （acoustic） operating rooms, an indoor installation of a dedicated pilot wheel and a series of loudspeakers.

Test round in the left side of a rotating wheel rack, which is currently in Europe, many parts of the test in a different form?? In Europe and many parts of the trial, the test wheel rotation in the middle rounds of the shelves. In this way, test wheel can be installed in a wide body car, using light truck tires, and can withstand a variety of load conditions.

Test vehicle design that can be allowed on public roads the maximum speed limits.

Using ÞRIÞON Measurement test car and the neighboring edge

As noted above, the statistical measurement of pass-by noise method is only a short distance （approximately 20 m） section of an isolated situation, and ÞRIÞON test vehicle can be continuously used to measure test vehicle drove through the entire section of the road noise data. It is not the scene of road conditions, are also not confined to a single-lane noise data measurements, and, under normal circumstances, nor does it require to regular traffic for any particular traffic management, and such vehicular traffic management may often be caused interference. Noise measurements are in the normal speed of traffic traveling at normal circumstances.

ÞRIÞON test vehicle and the neighboring Application of the Law

In order to obtain the lowest road noise, it is important to be able to lay in its new time and the use of a period of time have been able to carry out performance evaluation and, if possible, can be evaluated on their homogeneity. Its homogeneity data can be used to identify and to ensure that this road is suitable for the chosen sections and the local conditions of use.

In the UK, according to the current Highway Department approved the use of pavement materials, methods and equipment, have been included to have a road noise reduction test certificates and material and equipment procurement instructions. For some specific roads, the certificate of "road affect the value", said the data from the Statistical pass-by noise measurement of the value derived, rather than by measurement of the value of adjacent derived. However, when a section of road has been laid among the good or are observing at this time, this approach does not include any on the product "compliance" of evaluation.

Recently, under the relevant EU-funded low-noise high-durability pavement research projects （in which the British Transport Research Laboratory has played an important role） and include proposed road surface noise classification system and programs, the program will focus on the road Noise identification parameters, pavement materials and equipment conformity assessment, as well as daily observation and monitoring. Although the basic identification data on the noise is still noise, according to statistics by France （SPB） arrived, but the adjacent noise measurement method （CPX） has also been seen as the basis for the implementation of the study of one of the tools. According to the European Commission to make the analysis of environment ministers, it is recommended to further develop the noise classification of European Committee for Standardization （CEN） standards, the European Commission has proposed to continue the project research.

Of low-noise high-durability pavement research project proposal put forward by the road and highway departments to use materials and equipment compatible with approved methods, will be limited road noise assessment, as the Transport Research Laboratory for the British Department of Transportation Highway Authority to conduct research projects components. The program will also be road traffic noise, noise reduction in the Netherlands plan to conduct tests, the first edition of the road surface noise classification system and the program will be tried out in Denmark.

ÞRIÞON test vehicle can be used on certain sections of the road noise quickly evaluated to determine: the homogeneity of pavement materials, and compliance, and accordingly develop the road maintenance program. The evaluation of the results of road noise road surface materials will be used to develop the technical specifications in the contract.

In addition, ÞRIÞON road test vehicle can be used to carry out routine monitoring, the use of roads during the accumulation and recording of data relating to road noise. Road noise of the evaluation results will be available for the road departments to draw up strategies and to determine the road pavement maintenance update cycle, and the road surface for local institutions in the implementation of noise control, "Action Plan" of the effectiveness of the evaluation.

On the other hand, due to ÞRIÞON test vehicle can be set to test tires of various sizes, for research and development of new low-noise and low-noise road tires, it would be a very ideal test tools and test instruments.

Recent and past time Transport Research Laboratory conducted using ÞRIÞON test vehicle research projects related to road noise are:

Carried out in a Leicestershire road about different tire / road noise of the investigation, investigation, analysis of the various county paved road noise situation;

For the Department of Transportation Highway Administration to conduct a measurement used to determine the government 10-year road maintenance plan to update priority concrete pavement;

Department for Transport, the Ministry of Road and Transport Authority carried out an on medium / high-speed road tire / road noise of research. This study analyzed the vehicle tire / pavement design the relationship between the design of the tire and tire / road noise impact;

Study to determine the structure of the data based on the road section of road noise prediction algorithms, thus broadening the Department of Transportation road-tested vehicle to the speed of the investigation function.

Conclusion

The application of low noise road surface highlighted the issue of road traffic noise, especially in the tire / road noise are concerned about the increasingly common case of road traffic noise problem is particularly necessary. Important to have accurate noise measurement method in order to help clarify these road noise in the production traits. With other than the traditional measuring method, measuring the road noise is close to France （CPX） has many advantages. British Transport Research Laboratory designed and built specifically ÞRIÞON test car, is a method using neighbor （CPX） measurement of tire / road noise of the test car, which is widely used in design of low noise road surface and tire design, testing, evaluation of tire / road noise is also very applicable and effective.